Voltage regulators are devices used to keep the voltage in an electrical circuit at a certain level. Their working principles can generally be summarized as follows:

1. Input Voltage
A voltage regulator requires a certain input voltage. This voltage usually comes at a higher value and the regulator tries to provide the desired voltage level at the output.

2. Reference Voltage
A regulator requires a reference voltage to control the output voltage. This reference is usually provided by an internal reference circuit and provides a constant voltage value.

3. Feedback
The regulator constantly monitors the output voltage. If the output voltage deviates from the reference voltage, the regulator adjusts the circuit elements (usually transistors or MOSFETs) to correct this situation.

4. Power Management
The regulator manages energy to keep the output voltage constant against fluctuations in the input voltage. This usually means that a power supply responds to load changes.

5. Output Voltage
A regulator tries to maintain a constant output voltage despite changes in the input. This is important for the safe operation of the devices.

6. Types
Voltage regulators are divided into two main types:

Linear Regulators: They have a simple circuit structure and produce low noise, but their efficiency is usually low.
Switching Regulators: They have a more complex structure and offer higher efficiency, but they usually produce more noise.
7. Application Areas
Voltage regulators are widely used in power supplies, computer hardware, telecommunications equipment, and many electronic devices.

These principles will help you understand the general operating logic of voltage regulators. The advantages and disadvantages of each type can affect your choice depending on your intended use.